How to Install Debian 12 on a Server

Debian 12 (“Bookworm”) is a stable and secure Linux distribution ideal for server environments. This guide walks you through the installation process, from preparing your server to setting up a basic configuration.

1. Prepare for Installation

System Requirements

Ensure your server meets the minimum requirements:

• CPU: 64-bit processor (x86_64 or ARM64)
• RAM: At least 2GB (4GB+ recommended for better performance)
• Storage: Minimum 20GB (More if hosting multiple services)
• Network: Stable internet connection for updates

Download Debian 12

• Visit the Debian website
• Download the Debian 12 netinst ISO for minimal installation or DVD ISO for a full offline installation.

Create Bootable Media

• For USB: Use Rufus (Windows) or balenaEtcher (Linux/macOS) to create a bootable USB drive.
• For Virtual Machines: Mount the ISO file in the VM settings.

2. Boot from Installation Media

• Insert the USB/DVD and reboot the server.
• Enter the BIOS/UEFI by pressing F2, F12, DEL, or ESC (varies by system).
• Set the USB/DVD as the primary boot device and save changes.

3. Start the Debian 12 Installer

• Select Graphical Install or Text Install (Graphical is easier).
• Choose your language, country, and keyboard layout.

4. Configure Network & User Accounts

• Set the hostname (e.g., debian-server).
• Define a domain name (leave blank if unsure).
• Create a root password (for administrative tasks).
• Create a regular user account for daily use.

5. Partition the Disk

• Choose Guided – use entire disk (recommended for beginners).
• Select the disk where Debian will be installed.
• Choose All files in one partition (default).
• Confirm and write changes to disk.

6. Install the Base System

• The installer will copy system files. This may take some time.

7. Configure Package Manager & Updates

• Choose Yes when asked to use a network mirror.
• Select a Debian mirror closest to your location for faster downloads.
• Enable security updates when prompted.

8. Software Selection

• Choose SSH server for remote access.
• Select standard system utilities.
• Avoid GUI environments for servers unless needed.

9. Install GRUB Bootloader

• Choose Yes to install GRUB.
• Select the correct disk (e.g., /dev/sda).

10. Complete Installation & Reboot

• Once installation completes, remove the USB/DVD.
• Reboot the system.

11. Post-Installation Setup

Update & Upgrade System

After login, update the system:

Enable SSH for Remote Access

If not installed:

Check status:

Set Up a Firewall (UFW Recommended)

Create a Swap File (Optional for Low RAM Servers)

12. Verify Installation

Check system details with:

Confirm IP address:

Your Debian 12 server is now installed and ready for configuration!